Mark “Murch” Erhardt and Mike Schmidt are joined by Martin Zumsande and Carla Kirk-Cohen to discuss Newsletter #237.

The Bitcoin Optech Podcast and transcription content is licensed Creative Commons CC BY-SA 2.0

News

  • Discussion about storing data in the block chain (1:19)

  • Summary of call about mitigating LN jamming (11:05)

Bitcoin Core PR Review Club

  • Track AddrMan totals by network and table, improve precision of adding fixed seeds (27:50)

Notable code and documentation changes

Transcription

Mike Schmidt: Welcome everybody to Bitcoin Optech Newsletter #237 Recap on the Twitter Spaces. We have a couple of special guests today, one of which is hopefully joining us shortly. I don’t think there’s any announcements on my side before we do some introductions and jump into covering the newsletter. Murch, any announcements on your side?

Mark Erhardt: No, everything’s smooth sailing.

Mike Schmidt: Well, I’ll start off, Mike Schmidt, contributor to Bitcoin Optech and also Executive Director at Brink where we fund open-source Bitcoin developers. Murch?

Mark Erhardt: Hi, I’m Murch, I work at Chaincode Labs, I contribute to Bitcoin stuff.

Mike Schmidt: Carla, do you want to give a little bit of your background and what you’re interested in and working on?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: Sure. Hi everyone, I’m Carla, I’m also a software engineer at Chaincode currently sitting in a booth next to Murch. I work on Lightning things, currently focused on figuring out some of the jamming mitigations that we’ll talk about today; and then also working on route binding for LND, which is a part of the bigger offers effort that Lightning is working on at the moment.

Mike Schmidt: Excellent, Carla, thank you for joining us. We have one news item before yours and I think we could just jump into it. I will share some tweets so that folks can follow along, but look for the Bitcoin Optech Newsletter #237 and you can find that on Twitter or bitcoinops.org to follow along, if you’re not doing something else.

Discussion about storing data in the block chain

The first news item for this week is discussion about storing data in the block chain. Wow, a hot-button issue that made its way to the mailing list. I think we covered this slightly a few weeks ago with The Stack Exchange, in which folks were looking at these interesting transactions and wondering what was going on, and folks pointed to this ordinals group that was doing inscriptions, and there’s been a lot of discussion and debate on Twitter about this. But it finally made its way to the mailing list so we cover it here in the Optech Newsletter this week, and it looks like there’s a lot of discussion about this topic, so maybe we’ll cover it next week as well.

Murch, what do you see onchain? Maybe we can start with some of the data, and I guess we can recap also exactly the mechanism as well, but I know you were doing some research and you’ve seen some stuff in the mempool and maybe you want to provide some of that data.

Mark Erhardt: So, the mempool currently has 46 blocks worth of data waiting, yet you can be in the next block with 1 satoshi per vbyte (1 sat/vB), which is pretty uncommon I would say. So altogether, the memory usage of the mempool is 187 MB, so it’s a little more than half full for the default limit running full nodes. So, I guess we finally found the base block space demand, for a while at least until this fad is over.

I saw somebody post earlier today that something like 600 MB worth of data was already written to the block chain since inscriptions have become a thing and yeah, I don’t know, I’ve seen a few people come up with proposals to lower the block space to get rid of the witness discount, to stop relaying transactions with inscriptions, and I don’t know, it feels like shooting with cannons on sparrows and it’s also kind of funny how there’s people that yesterday were censorship-resistant maximalists, today are calling for consensus changes to curb gravity. So, I don’t know, it’s kind of curious to watch. I don’t really have a beef in this fight.

It’s obviously not great that the block chain is growing faster than it used to, but beyond that it’s not going to do a lot of harm validation-wise, it’s not much slower. It does cost a little more bandwidth to download the block chain eventually probably. If you run a pruning mode, you can just cut it away with the remaining block data. I saw someone started working on making a patch to only prune witness data in Bitcoin Core already, so that might also be an option eventually. What do you think?

Mike Schmidt: Well, I’m curious. There’s some calls for mitigating this or trying to stop it at some level, but maybe we can jump into exactly what’s being utilised here, because I think these are taproot spends, right? What is the taproot portion of this that is advantageous to taproot and not just segwit?

Mark Erhardt: Basically, one limit that existed before taproot has been removed, because taproot improved how we calculate signature hashes (sighashes). Maybe that’s not completely accurate, but basically it has become less expensive to have certain opcodes in scripts, and one of the reasons why we had multiple dimensions of limits on transactions previously just doesn’t really exist anymore. So, one of the only limits is the transaction size that really kerbs everything. So, with taproot, it is slightly easier to put more data into a transaction than it was just with segwit. Previously, you would have probably had to split up a few things a bit more into separate pushes, or even separate inputs if you got over a specific size; while with taproot, you can actually put bigger images or data objects into a single input.

What the inscriptions do is they push data directly into the witness data on basically a dead branch of the script, where that is irrelevant for the payment authorisation. But since it’s part of the transaction, of course it lands in the block chain and thus can be used as a publishing mechanism. So, other than something like OpenTimestamps, that proves that something existed where you still have to have an external provider for the actual data, these inscriptions are directly published on the block chain, which apparently is unlimited demand for publishing stuff on the block chain, which we always knew. Basically it has happened before, since 2014 at least, maybe earlier, where people would just write stuff to pubkeys and their multisigs, or make up other non-standard scripts to maximize the data payload that they could write into the block chain.

In a way, it’s just the same thing we did ten years ago already, slightly more efficient because it gets a witness discount, but it also just goes to the witness, which is probably one of the best places it could go to.

Mike Schmidt: With taproot, some of the limits were relaxed, which enabled this sort of inscription-type data-stuffing to be done in a single transaction; whereas pre-taproot, you could do that with segwit but it would take maybe a few transactions to cram all that data in. So, it made it a bit easier, but then even without segwit or the witness, you mentioned some alternatives, and I think Andrew Poelstra got into that as well. Yeah, go ahead, Murch.

Mark Erhardt: Inputs, not transactions. So, you could do the same thing with multiple inputs ever since segwit basically, and also put it in witness discounted data. It would have been a little more difficult to put it all together and read it as a single data blob potentially, but not really a bit hurdle.

Mike Schmidt: Yeah, and you mentioned Andrew Poelstra got into this with his reply on the mailing list, which is there’s just really no good way to prevent this. You can make it slightly more expensive, even if we didn’t have witnesses or taproot, or anything like that. I guess grinding on signatures, or you mentioned their multisig as a way to put data in there and it would be more expensive, but you could still achieve the same outcome of these jpegs on the Bitcoin block chain.

Mark Erhardt: Correct. Basically, the only way to prevent this sort of thing from happening would be if we restricted all of the network activity just to standard transactions. But even then, people could just do a multisig where the not-used public keys are data objects. They would just hide it in something that looks like standard behaviour, but actually isn’t. There’s no good way to kerb this. I mean, that’s not great, I don’t care one little bit about NFTs or pictures in the block chain, but it also doesn’t keep me awake at night. It’s actually kind of interesting, a few months ago people were concerned about the long-term fees, whether that would be enough to prop up the mining market, and now we seem to have a base demand, so we’ll see!

Mike Schmidt: There have been periods of history where people have seen things as spam that have gone into the Bitcoin block chain. I think Satoshi Dice was one of those projects that was utilising a significant portion of the Bitcoin block chain for a while and was criticized for that. I think there was another project that was doing something similar to OpenTimestamps, except for they were anchoring into the Bitcoin block chain using a bunch of transactions and they were criticized for that, and I think those projects seem to have been priced out eventually, or the interest in those projects has waned, and potentially something like that happens here again, where eventually these types of transactions are priced out and it solves itself.

Mark Erhardt: That’s what happens. I mean, buying block space in bulk like this is going to be bound to be expensive, even at 1 sat/vB, you accept these pictures are paying on the range on multiple dollars to get into the block chain, it’s just probably a little too cheap right now. But as soon as other people need to up their transaction fees in order to get their regular transactions through, which for the average payment size that we’ve seen on the block chain is easily magnitudes more than what inscriptions are currently paying, those inscriptions are not going to have the priority. They’ll still be waiting, so if in the night the demand for block space drops off, or on the weekend, the network will start chewing through inscriptions and write them in the block chain, I guess. But I think they will be very much a low priority backlog.

If enough activity happens to send priority transaction payments, or Lightning channel opens and closes, or who knows what else, then they’ll just not happen at all, and that’s exactly what happened in these other instances where people decried spam.

Mike Schmidt: I think the listeners want to know, Murch, how many inscriptions have you executed yourself; how many NFTs have you minted?

Mark Erhardt: Are you talking about the UTXOs that I’ve owned over the lifetime of doing Bitcoin transactions?

Mike Schmidt: No, it needs to be a jpeg blob.

Mark Erhardt: Zero.

Mike Schmidt: Okay! Anything else you think is interesting on this topic before we move on?

Mark Erhardt: I don’t know. It’s kind of curious, but not really that interesting.

Mike Schmidt: This is probably the least drama Twitter Space, ordinals inscription Twitter Space that there’s been, just talking about it from the technicals. So, I think we’ve probably exhausted that topic for now. Maybe there’ll be more interesting discussions on the mailing list for next week.

Mark Erhardt: Yeah, I’m sure that’s going to come up again.

Summary of call about mitigating LN jamming

Mike Schmidt: The second news item for this week from the newsletter is a summary of a call about mitigating LN jamming. So, we have Carla from Chaincode, who’s introduced herself, and we’ve also had Clara on previously. You guys have an effort to start having more regular conversations about channel jamming. We’ve gone through, Murch and I, as well as the newsletter, a bunch of different discussions on this and approaches. Maybe, Carla, do you want to start with just a quick summary of why this is important, why this is a concern; and then, the different initiatives that are springing up to research and address potential mitigations?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: Sure. So, I think most folks on this call will know that jamming is an outstanding problem in the LN. It’s pretty trivial to DoS large portions, or even the entire network by sending payments through the network really quickly, or sending them through and waiting a long time for them to resolve, because you can do this without really incurring any costs, as an attacker. Because, right now in Lightning, you don’t pay for a failed payment attempt, you only pay for a successful payment attempt.

This is something that’s been known about for years. I was actually looking up on the Optech Topics page, my go-to, just to shill the host for a second, when this was first discussed, and I think this was as early as 2015 that people started talking about this and ways that we could address it. And there’s been many, many different proposals of how we could possibly fix this over the years, ranging from up-front fees to doing proof of someone in the route closing a channel to prove that somebody paid for this misbehaviour to using routing tokens to allow people to prepay for their ability to route through. And this year, so last year, I guess, Clara and Sergei, who are researchers at Chaincode, put out a paper that proposed a solution which uses a combination of up-front fees and of local reputation tracking to address jamming, kind of with a combined approach to lock down all the various ways that people can try and work around that approach.

So, what I’ve been working on with Clara at the moment is taking that research paper and trying to turn it into an update to the Lightning specification, so actually going through it and saying, “Okay, how would we code this up? How would nodes communicate this?” and work on the solution. And we’re doing these calls every two weeks in the hope that we can get a bit of momentum on this issue, because Lightning is getting pretty big now and it’s still pretty vulnerable to this type of attack, and we don’t want to find ourselves in a situation where someone chooses to spam the network and we all need to scramble and maybe put a sub-par solution out there. So, we really want to have something pre-emptively in place for if and when this does happen.

We started this discussion with the up-front fees topic and what we’re aiming to do is start with the most simple version of this, and then improve upon it until it’s something that we think is incentive compatible for the network and would work out well. I can dive into more detail there, but that’s kind of the sparknotes of what we’ve been working on.

Mike Schmidt: Okay, great. Thank you for that overview. It sounds like this series of conversations that you’re attempting to get the community around is to brainstorm the best solution; or, do you think you have a solution and you’re trying to garner consensus or support for that solution?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: I think that I feel pretty confident that what we’ve got, with a combination of up-front fees and local reputation, will work very well. It is the case that something like this inevitably will add some cost to using Lightning, so there’s definitely an element of, we need people to know about this and understand it and understand why we need it so that we can deploy it on the network, because we have wallets and we have lots of different players in the Lightning ecosystem.

But there is another proposal as well that we’re also discussing on these calls, which is the idea of using sender side. So, we kind of have two horses in the race at the moment and we’re just trying to figure out which one of those will achieve our goals most efficiently. I’d say they’re almost very similar because a reputation token, you need to make an up-front payment and then you get a token back versus making an up-front payment, you just make the payment along with your payment, so it has fewer steps.

So, it’s just about deciding what’s going to be the best mechanism to implement this sort of system in Lightning. So, still reaching a technical consensus, but wanting to have people folded in from the broader community from the beginning, so they know this is coming and they understand why it needs to be added.

Mike Schmidt: The writeup in the newsletter mentioned the Lightning Service Provider (LSP) specification working group, which wasn’t something that I was familiar with. Can you explain what that group is; and is that who’s joining these every-two-week calls, or is it a broader audience?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: So, I can do my best to explain that. I can’t do it much justice because it’s sort of a separate effort. But the LSP specification effort is a group of people who are working on the application level, so wallet developers and people who would desire to run LSPs, and they’re trying to figure out a common specification for things like selling a channel, or rating a node, or that kind of thing so that that second layer on top of Lightning itself has some common interoperability so that, as an example, if you’re a mobile wallet, if you have a common spec, you can switch between LSPs rather than being tied to one LSP, if everyone’s interactions work in the same way.

So, folks from that group only hopped onto one call because the reputation side of things is something they’re interested in, in the context of if these people will be selling channels, they need to know that the node that they’re buying a channel from is a good node to purchase a channel from, so there was some overlap there. But primarily, this is the usual suspects of the Lightning BOLT specification process getting together every other week to talk about it.

Mike Schmidt: Murch, anything that you’d like to ask?

Mark Erhardt: So, you said that you would like to approach the problem by going with the minimum viable approach, and then maybe ratcheting up more parts to find the optimal solution. What is the minimum solution?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: So, for up-front fees, the absolute most basic way that we could do this is that we express an up-front fee as a portion of your success case fee. So, if you charge 10 sats to forward, then maybe 1% of that amount will be charged as an up-front fee. It makes a lot of sense to relate up-front fees to success case fees, because really what you’re paying for in an up-front fee is the opportunity cost a node would have faced if they had successfully forwarded the payment, but your payment had failed.

So, the idea is that nodes will probably assume a default of 1%, or they can advertise a custom policy no higher than 10%, because having up-front fees higher than your success case fees makes no sense. And then senders would very simply just accumulate up-front fees along the route in the same way that we do for regular payments, and completely unconditionally they would push these fees along the routes. So, say you’re doing a three-hop route and each of them need 10 sats of up-front fees, you push 30 to the first person, they push 20 to the next person leaving themselves with 10, and they push 10 to the next person leaving themselves with 10. So, that’s a really easy, really simple way of looking at this, and that was the first thing that we did.

But the problem that we’ve run into there, which we actually didn’t expect because we were first at looking at this on a very theoretical level, but Lightning has fee differentials. So, if you’ve just joined the network, maybe you have default fees that are really low compared to a really big routing node, like ACINQ, which will have much higher routing fees in some cases. So, this very simple mechanism suffers a bit of an incentives breakdown. So, you’ve got one node that charges 10 sats of success case fees and then the next node charges 100 sats of up-front fees. When you push that amount along to them, they get this payment that arrives at them and says, “It’s got 400 sats of up-front fees”, which actually needs to be passed on to the next person, “But hey, I was only going to get 10 sats of regular fees if I forwarded this, so why would I ever forward it?” And they have an incentive to just take that up-front fee, which is actually owed to the rest of the route, and then just drop payment and then pocket the money.

The reason we have this kind of accumulating issue is that you have to source all of the funds for the up-front payment from the sender. If you don’t, you just run into all sorts of issues where people can start maliciously forwarding payments through the network and failing them, trying to drain up-front fees. So, it’s really important that they come from the originating node so that an attacking party is always paying those fees.

So, the simplest solution, while easy, maybe won’t be completely incentive-compatible, which is not something we want, because we don’t want nodes to be disincentivized to forward. But when we start to look at how we fix that incentive compatibility, the complexity of the spec change starts to really blow up quite a bit.

Mark Erhardt: That’s really a little bit of a roadblock that I hadn’t anticipated. So, in the theoretical way that it’s been explained to me before of course, I understood that at each hub, there’s just a little bit of up-front fee. But given that you have to source it from the sender, now if the first hub doesn’t forward it, they can just keep the whole up-front fee and you would never be able to even understand whether they maliciously kept it or there was an issue; or, does this tie maybe together with the fat errors that Joost was proposing lately?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: Yeah, so that’s another thing that we’ve chatted about actually in our most recent meeting on Monday, is yes, nodes could do this, they could once drop a payment, but there’s also kind of more to consider in Lightning when it comes to just failing a payment for your own benefit. I mean, every routing algorithm in Lightning, once a node has failed a payment, they will no longer use that node, say, “This one’s not working”, and they’ll go around it. So, your ability to do this on an individual level would be very limited on a per-sender case. Like, if you steal my up-front fees, I say, “I don’t know if you’re a thief or you just don’t have liquidity, but I’m going to send my payment elsewhere”.

They’ve now been renamed to attributable errors, because I thought that’s a bit of a better name, but Joost has a proposed spec change which I think is really great, which allows us to lock down who you can blame for a failure; because previously, people could just basically destroy the error and you would never be able to blame anyone. So, it is a question for me that if we have the ability to perfectly pinpoint who’s failed this payment, down to either one node or a pair of nodes, and we have these routing algorithms that route around a node that fails, how bad can this be?

But this is where it gets really fuzzy and really difficult to quantify in Lightning because sure, the payment algorithm will route around it, depending on the location of the node. There’s lots of different senders in Lightning and they don’t communicate with each other, so if you can steal $1 from a million people, then you’ve still made a lot of money doing this, and obviously that’s not the case right now. Lightning doesn’t have the kind of volumes where this would really be a problem. They’d steal a few sats and you’d route around them, but do we want to deploy something now that isn’t going to work in the future, when maybe we do have this kind of volume?

Mike Schmidt: There’s a topic on the Optech Wiki, if you will, and it’s about channel jamming attacks, and we outline there that there’s two categories of this attack: there’s the liquidity jamming attack; and HTLC jamming attack. It sounds like the mitigation for both of those could be some version of this up-front fee. Is there something that you have in your mind; is one of those attacks more likely to happen or harder to mitigate than the other, or are both of these equally part of your focus and part of the solution?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: So, in terms of liquidity jamming versus HTLC jamming, I think that these are the two limits of resources we have. We only have so much Bitcoin in our channel and we only have so many HTLC slots. And there are a bunch of parameters that you set when you open up channels saying, “This is the smallest HTLC I’ll allow, this is the number of slots I’ll allow”. And I think that a rational attacker will just target whichever one of those is cheapest. So fundamentally, it is the same thing that either it’ll do 483 of the smallest payment possible, or if it costs them less money they’ll just jam the liquidity.

I’d say generally, with the state of the network right now and the kind of values that people have on their minimum HTLC, you would just go for slot jamming because it’s cheaper. But something that we do look at differently, and I imagine Clara would have spoken about this when she came on, is the concept of quick jamming versus slow jamming. So, whichever one of these scarce resources an attacker chooses to take up, they can either attack by just constantly streaming payments through your channel, which is quick jamming, and then failing them back really fast, which kind of looks like regular payment activity, it’s more difficult to identify whether this is malicious or not. Although, if you see a massive drop in your success rates, maybe that indicates that someone is attacking you. It could also be that someone just wrote a really bad pathfinding algorithm.

Then there’s slow jamming, where they send an HTLC through you and they hold it for the longest amount of time they can hold it without causing a force closure of their own channels. That one is slightly easier to identify, because it’s pretty unusual for HTLCs to be held for such a long period of time in Lightning, but there are a bunch of use cases, like swaps and all sorts of interesting other stuff going on in Lightning, that do have a legitimate use case for holding for a long period of time.

So, the way we think about this two-pronged solution is that the local reputation tracking, which we haven’t really covered in this call, but the idea is that you can set some metric of what is good behaviour; and if a node is behaving well, you reserve half of your scarce resources, be it your liquidity or slots, for a good behaving node. And then, if a node is behaving badly, you would keep the other half, or the bad behaving traffic. So, when someone does choose to attack your node in whichever way, be it quick jamming or slow jamming, you degrade their reputation, and then people who are still behaving still have access to some of those slots and liquidity that are reserved for the non-attacking actors, and other regular traffic can still go through the untrusted buckets.

The problem with a solution like that, because maybe that would be the ideal thing and we just do that, is that any time you have a threshold, someone can try and figure out what the threshold is and sit just below it. So, the combination of a reputation tracking system that reserves liquidity and slots for good acting nodes, and up-front fee which will punish nodes that repetitively try and do this because they have to pay the routing node that opportunity cost, together they manage to lock down a very large amount of the surface area of jamming attack, because if you go one way we’re going to catch your notification; if you manage to evade reputation, you’re still going to have to compensate nodes anyway. So, doing the two together I think is a really important part of what we’re looking at.

Mike Schmidt: We would always encourage folks who are interested to follow along with the research being done, and you guys have these calls every two weeks and it looks like there’ll be transcriptions of the calls for interested folks to follow along. So, there’s one potential call to action for interested parties there. Is there something you’re looking for from the community other than following along with these discussions? Are you looking for more wallet developers to attend these calls, or maybe give a call to action for our audience if there is one?

Carla Kirk-Cohen: Yeah, so anyone who’s interested in keeping up with the spec development, we welcome you to join the call every other Monday. We had a technical mishap this week, but generally there will be transcripts available and I’ll keep sending summaries to the mailing list so that folks can keep up.

I think right now, while we’re still figuring out the nitty-gritty of what this would look like in the protocol, there isn’t much need for wallet developers and application-level Lightning folks to join those calls at the moment, the transcripts will probably be good enough. But I think just keeping up with the general awareness that if we want Lightning to be DoS-resistant, which seems like a pretty important property for a payment network to have, we are going to have to change something. And just keeping that awareness in mind as you build out things on top of the LN is very important.

Rusty opened the 2019 Lightning Conference with, “Lightning is not always going to be free”, and I think that’s an important thing to keep in mind as you build on top of it.

Mike Schmidt: Murch, anything else on this news item?

Mark Erhardt: No, I think Carla covered it wonderfully.

Mike Schmidt: Yeah, thank you, Carla, for joining us and hopefully you can hang on for a bit longer, because I think there are potentially some Lightning PRs later on that you’ll have some opinions on that may be more informed than Murch and I. So, if you can hang on, great; if not, we understand you’ve got important things to do as well.

Carla Kirk-Cohen: Yeah, thanks for having me and I’ll stick around for a bit.

Mike Schmidt: Great. Okay, we have a monthly segment that we do that covers the Bitcoin Core PR Review Club, and that is a weekly club that gets together on IRC and reviews Bitcoin Core PRs, and it’s a very approachable, lurker-friendly way to get a variety of perspectives into the Bitcoin Core codebase by looking at these different PRs.

PR Review: Track AddrMan totals by network and table, improve precision of adding fixed seeds

This month, we covered in the newsletter Track AddrMan totals by network and table, improve precision of adding fixed seeds, and that’s actually a PR by Martin, who’s joined us. Martin, do you want to introduce yourself briefly before we walk through the PR Review Club and what you’re attempting to do with this PR?

Martin Zumsande: Sure. So, I work at Chaincode Labs, I’m working on Bitcoin Core and I’m mostly interested in P2P and also have done a lot of things like AddrMan and Address Relay, so that’s basically what I’m interested in.

Mike Schmidt: I think we could potentially jump into some of these questions from the PR Review Club, but I think it would make sense, Martin, if you give an overview of the PR and the motivation for it before we jump into some of those.

Martin Zumsande: Sure, yeah. So, basically the whole thing is part of a larger project where we try to change the way that automatic connections are made with respect to different networks, because currently this is all very random because we know of a bunch of addresses and when we need to make an outbound connection, we just pick one at random, and if we happen to know 90% Tor addresses and 10% IPv4 address, then we’ll pick a Tor address; and if it’s the other way round, we’d probably pick an IPv4 address. So, there is currently no management with respect to that, and there isn’t even a way currently to tell in Bitcoin Core, “We now want to make a connection to Tor”, or I2P or some other supported network. It’s currently completely random, and this is the first step in an effort to change this.

The problem is that in order to make this thing that we can targetly make a connection to a particular network, we would need to know how many peers we currently have from that network, because otherwise, the way this algorithm works, we would get stuck in an infinite loop. So, this is basically the first part, where we give the AddrMan a way to query it and it will just tell us, “We currently have that many peers from this network and that many peers from that network”, and also the AddrMan, the Address Manager, is divided to two tables, “new” and “tried”. The new table has addresses that we haven’t tested yet, and the tried table has addresses that are of better quality, because at one point we had been connected to them, and we can also query with respect to these tables. So we could ask AddrMan now, “How many new entries in from IPv4 do we currently have?”

So, this is the one part of this PR, that we actually keep track of this information; and the second part of this information is the first use case of this, where we use this kind of data, and this is related to the fixed seeds. The fixed seeds are a way of bootstrapping the node if, for example – I mean, there are also the DNS seeds that many people probably know about, but these DNS seeds only give us addresses from IPv4 and IPv6. So, if we want to have addresses from Tor or I2P then we cannot use them. That’s where the fixed seeds come in. These are coded addresses of potential peers, and they are used the first time a user would open up their node and doesn’t know any peers yet.

Mark Erhardt: Let’s recap for a moment. So, the fixed seeds, they are used to make an initial connection to a new network. We have the DNS seeds, but they only cover IPv4 and IPv6, so the Clearnet Bitcoin Core has a bunch of other networks supported, like I2P and Tor. And the fixed seeds that are being added in this PR, according to what I understand from Martin right now, are sort of first contact in these networks and once you contact these, they’ll give you addresses of other peers.

These get first added to your new table, because whenever a peer tells you about some other nodes on the network, we don’t know how accurate that information is, whether we actually can find a node there. So, we separate these new addresses that we just learned about into the new bucket and after our feeler connection tries these new addresses and connects them once and gets a handshake and learns that there’s an actual Bitcoin node responding on that connection, then it goes to the tried table.

So, when we try to reconnect to the network, for example after shutting down a node, we would pick a few of the nodes from the tried table to make initial connections to the network again, and generally the tried table is our better quality bucket, because we know that something can be reached here.

Martin Zumsande: Okay, so what this PR does with the fixed seed is that before, if we don’t have any addresses at all, only then would we query the fixed seed. And the change of this PR is that we now do this selectively, network by network. For example, if we don’t have any Tor addresses but have many IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, it will still query the fixed seed, particularly the fixed seed for Tor, and this can be helpful if a user makes abrupt changes; like before, they would only be connected to IPv4 and they would not accept any onion addresses, because we only accept addresses from networks that we currently support, and then the user might make a change and switch from a Clearnet and go to only Tor, so that they only make outbound connections to Tor. Before that, they would be kind of stuck, because the AddrMan is not empty, so the fixed seed wouldn’t be queried again. But they also don’t have any Tor addresses, so we would be kind of stuck then and would need some manual intervention there.

Now, with this PR, in this situation where we have a lot of Clearnet addresses but no Tor address, we would selectively load a fixed seed from Tor and then we can use them to bootstrap into the Tor Network. It’s a situation that is not very common, but I guess it happens to some people and this will make it easier for people there.

Mark Erhardt: Cool, so this is a bug fix too. Maybe a combative question: isn’t it weird to trust these nodes to be our first contact in a new network? How have they been selected and how much trust do we put into these fixed seeds?

Martin Zumsande: Well, it’s not something we like to do, but we need to bootstrap in some way, I guess. So, they are selected like before each time a new release is built for Bitcoin Core, people will select some nodes that have been online for a long time and well-behaving. So, they suggest a list and this gets approved and, yeah, these are not handpicked, we don’t know who they are; they are just peers that seem to be good. And what’s also important is we don’t have just one or two; we have pretty large and hopefully it will be even more nodes in the future. So, if a node makes a connection to one, then even if that would be malicious, it would also make connections to others, and hopefully they’re not all malicious.

So hopefully, something that a node only needs to do once in a lifetime and there is definitely some risk involved, but currently we don’t have a better solution, I would say.

Mike Schmidt: Zooming out just a bit, you mentioned that this is a PR in a larger effort to improve outbound peer selection, and this leads to one of the questions that we highlighted in the newsletter which is, why would it be beneficial to have an outbound connection to each network at all times? Maybe speak to the broader motivation.

Martin Zumsande: Yeah, I think there are different reasons. One thing is an audit for the entire network of all subnetworks to keep together. It’s important that there are nodes that make connections to more than one network. Otherwise, if everyone would only be in their own networks, there wouldn’t be any connections and there wouldn’t be partitions of the network, and information wouldn’t go from Clearnet at all; that would be very bad. So, it’s important that some nodes do this. And so what I’m trying to do is, the nodes that will volunteer to do this, that they actually get the connections, because currently a node might say, “Yeah, I want to be on”, I don’t know, “CJDNS and Clearnet”, and then they have thousands of Clearnet addresses and only 100 CJDNS addresses and then they make no outbound connections to it, because there is no management currently, it’s just randomness.

What the bigger effort is, is to introduce a logic that helps a node to be at all times, he would like to have at least one outbound connection to each of the networks that we support to be on. I think this helps the network, and it also is helpful for the node itself, I would say, because having more networks to be connected on will improve resistance against eclipse attacks. So, an attacker that would try to cover all of your connection slots would then also need to be active and dominant on all of these networks, which is a lot harder to do than if you are just on one network.

Mike Schmidt: So, as a node operator, I help myself by preventing eclipse attacks against me, which is a reason, as a node operator, to want to do that for themselves. And then additionally, by bridging all of these different networks that Bitcoin Core supports, you’re also then preventing a potential partition within the network that may happen if there are different subgroups that are on different networks; you’re bridging that so the partition doesn’t happen.

Martin Zumsande: Yes. And currently, node operators who want to do this, they can do this by opting to make manual connections. So, they will pick some peer from a network and manually say, “I want to always make a connection to this”, and this is nice and it’s good, especially if you trust that peer. But it would also be nice to have this kind of thing automatically, have automatic support, so for people who don’t want to go to the trouble of managing their connections and then checking if this manual peer is still online, or maybe they’ve gone offline, so maybe we need to pick another manual peer. So, there’s a lot of manual management there which it would be nice if this could all work out of the box that we always connect to all of the networks.

Mark Erhardt: So, basically a manual workaround before your PR would have been that you run two nodes, one node that is only on the alternative network, like Tor for example, and one that is on the Clearnet. And then, since you trust your own nodes, you connect those two nodes to each other; that way you make sure that you have a minimum amount of connections on either network. But of course, that’s twice the work.

Martin Zumsande: That’s not actually what I meant. I mean, that’s a possibility, but that’s way too much work. You can specify up to eight manual connections from this one node you have, and you can say, “I want to make a connection to this one friend which is on IPv4, and I want to make another manual connection to this other friend which is on Tor”, and I can have both of these at the same time with one node; I don’t need two nodes for this.

Mark Erhardt: Right, okay, sure. So, that would have been overkill really with the two nodes. But anyway, with this patch essentially we’re making this happen automatically, because each network that we want to support will have at least one connection at all times.

Martin Zumsande: Yeah, but that’s still work in progress.

Mark Erhardt: What, it’s not done yet?!

Mike Schmidt: Well, thank you, Martin, for your work on this. I think it’s important to make good behaviour, if you will, or productive even for the individual node operator, as well as benefiting a network, something that is default, so we applaud you for that. We should also note that while I did say that Martin was the author of this PR, and that’s true, also Amiti contributed to this, so thank you to her. Anything else that you think is important on this, Martin, or Murch?

Mark Erhardt: I’m good.

Mike Schmidt: Okay, great. Thank you for joining us, Martin. You’re welcome to hang on as we go through the rest of the PRs in this newsletter, or you’re welcome to jump off and work on the next PR to facilitate this project!

Bitcoin Core #25880

Mark Erhardt: Actually, looking at the next PR that we will be talking about, Bitcoin Core #25880, it’s pretty useful that Martin is here, because he’s the author of that PR as well! I mean, it would feel silly to explain to Martin his own PR, so I’m going to ask him to maybe give an overview of that one as well.

Martin Zumsande: Yeah, this is a completely different thing. It’s about stalling, and the background is that sometime earlier this year, I did some Initial Block Download (IBD) on a very slow connection and I would see in the log that there would be like, “This peer has been stalling, is getting disconnected, and another peer’s getting –” so all of my peers, one after another would get disconnected, and for a couple of minutes I would make absolutely no progress during IBD and I was wondering what the hell is going on there. This is basically an effort to fix this kind of thing. It only happens if you’re doing IBD on very slow connections.

The problem with stalling during IBD, we do like a parallel download of blocks from different peers, but we have only so many blocks ahead that we download, so I think it’s 2,024 blocks we do ahead of our current tip that we have connected to the block chain, we download all these blocks in advance. And at some point, if we cannot make any progress because these 2,024 windows are exhausted and we need the first one from this window in order to connect you to the block chain and let the window slide further ahead, in that case we are in a stalling situation. This only happens if some of our peers are faster and some of our peers are slower, and one slow peer is stalling all the progress there.

So, the question is, once we are in this situation, how do we deal with this? What we did before, and still do, is we give this stalling peer two seconds and then we disconnect it if they don’t give us a block. And that is fine, because that peer has been stalling a block download for a long time probably, and the two seconds are kind of a last resort and then we just don’t want to have it anymore and try to get the block from another peer. So, the problem is the second peer then; we would also only give it two seconds and if it doesn’t give us the block in two seconds, then we would kick it again and then go to the next peer. This would be a cascade of failures if we are just not able to download a block in two seconds because our connections are too slow. Maybe we’re on Tor or something and we need five seconds for a block, or four seconds, because it’s just our connections, and this was the problem there.

The fix that was merged for this is that we do this like an adaptive phase. So, we still give the first peer only two seconds, but then we double it for the next peer. So, the next peer gets four seconds to give us a block and if they do this fine, then we have made progress; and if they don’t, they get kicked after four seconds. And then the next peer gets eight seconds, so it has even more time, and hopefully then this peer will give us a block in these eight seconds and then we can connect other blocks and make progress and continue with IBD.

So, that’s what this PR basically did; it made this timeout adaptive, not only two seconds as a fixed value, but double it.

Mark Erhardt: I wanted to jump in and reiterate a little bit how the situation comes to pass. So, in Bitcoin Core when we’re not at the chain tip, we’re just trying to get all the block data. We don’t participate in transaction gossip, we don’t trade addresses much, we’re only connected to outbound connections and ask them to give us a copy of the block chain. Because it would be really slow to only get the next block and then wait, process that and get the next block after that, we create a buffer of blocks that we want to process. So, we download the next 1,024 blocks from all of our peers. So, to the eight or so peers that I have, I go, “Could you give me this block, could you give me that block”, and so forth. And when every one of them has given me one of the next few blocks, I tell them to give the next one that I don’t have yet.

So, if one of our connections is super-slow and still working on that first block that we asked him to give us, and all the other nodes have provided all the blocks up to 1,024 in the future, then we stall, we cannot make progress, because of course to process the block chain, we still have to locally read the blocks in order, and adapt the UTXO set to the inputs and outputs that were on the transactions. When one of them is still promising to give us the next block and hasn’t delivered yet and we have 1,024 other blocks waiting or requested, then we kick it. Then the whole situation that Martin explained comes to pass.

I think the last thing from the writeup that comes to mind is, as soon as we start getting blocks again, we will start scaling back the timeout again. We double it each time we don’t get a block, but then once we have that block, of course we will also have a few stored very likely ahead, like a buffer of work to go through, and we also start scaling back the timeout block-by-block.

Martin Zumsande: Yeah, that’s correct.

Mike Schmidt: Somewhat timely of a PR as well, since we recently had a 4 MB block, right?

Martin Zumsande: Yeah, that would have been a candidate to lead to this kind of situation, definitely. I also like the two seconds. It was suggested a long time ago at a time where blocks were much, much slower, so it wasn’t probably a problem back then, because the blocks were so small then. And first segwit came and made the physical amount that you need to download larger and blocks also were getting fuller. So, at the time when this was suggested, this two seconds made a lot of sense, I would say, because blocks were maybe, I don’t know, 100 kB or 500 kB, or something, but now it doesn’t really make that much sense anymore, because all connection speeds scaled in the same way that the blocks became larger over time.

Mike Schmidt: Thanks for walking us through that PR, Martin; I missed that you were the author. It’s perfect that you were able to join us and walk us through that.

Mark Erhardt: I think we can move on to the next one. We have a lot of Lightning stuff this week. So, it looks like Core Lightning (CLN) is gearing up for their next release and they’re merging a few things. I think that’s led to us having four PRs, or five actually mentioned here.

Core Lightning #5679

So, Core Lightning #5679 adds a new plugin. I think Rusty added this so that when you query your CLN node and want to list some information that your node is tracking, like your channel connections or your peers, that you can actually also run SQL queries directly on the result of that list. So, rather than needing to get the data, then put it into some other SQL database in order to search it, you can search directly on the results.

Mike Schmidt: Yeah, that seems really useful. Even there’s some Bitcoin RPCs that I know I’ve written code in the past that would have to then go through after you get the list, and then filter it client-side. Whereas this, you provide the query that does the filtering on your behalf, so it seems like a useful feature.

Core Lightning #5821

Next PR here is Core Lightning #5821, which adds preapproveinvoice and preapprovekeysend RPCs. That essentially, if you’re attempting a payment, you need to get a signature, and for CLN they have this signing module that will sign for you. But these PRs add the ability to essentially make sure that, “Is the signer going to sign for this?” so there could be some policies in place or rate limiting, etc, in which case the signer wouldn’t sign. And the way to do that now is just attempting the payment and then failing; whereas, these PRs allow you to say, “Are you going to sign for this?” and then you can make sure that you don’t attempt what you have the potential knowledge of would be a failed payment.

Mark Erhardt: Yeah, sounds like people are really starting to think of how to make Lightning work for bigger businesses than run Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) and have a lot of funds in their nodes.

Core Lightning #5849

Mike Schmidt: Well, speaking of large Lightning nodes, the next Core Lightning PR #5849 made some backend changes to allow a CLN node to handle over 100,000 peers, each with one channel. I think this was sort an exercise to see where the performance bottlenecks would be in doing such a thing, because as we know in the newsletter, it would take a dozen blocks or more to open that many channels if you were just monopolizing the block space. I think it’s an interesting way to think about trying to find performance improvements in CLN.

Core Lightning #5892

Next PR here is another Core Lightning PR, it’s #5892, and actually t-bast did a quite comprehensive writeup that’s referenced in this PR, and there’s a ton of data and ton of information and even some diagrams showing how there’s some compatibility testing that he had done that points out some incompatibilities. This Core Lightning PR fixes a bunch of those with regards to the offers protocol compatibility.

Mark Erhardt: Yeah, so we talked about BOLT 12 a few times in the past few months. This is something that is gearing up to happen. It is essentially a drop-in replacement for the BOLT 11 invoice protocol with even more capabilities. And, my understanding is that CLN and Eclair have interoperability on testnet now. Lightning Dev Kit (LDK), I think, is starting to work on BOLT 12 support. They have a few small parts ready, but aren’t quite there with the interoperability yet, whereas LND does not seem to be working on BOLT 12 yet, from what I understand.

Eclair #2565

Mike Schmidt: We now have Eclair PR here #2565 that requests that funds from a closed channel go to a new onchain address, rather than an address which was generated when the channel was funded. Murch, I don’t know why that’s the case. Wasn’t the address that was generated when the channel was funded also a new onchain address that in theory wouldn’t be used? I guess I need some education on this one.

Mark Erhardt: I was wondering the same thing. I would expect that if you make a Lightning channel and generate an address as the dedicated closing destination afterwards, that you would keep that dedicated to that channel’s closing amount. But it seems to me that maybe Eclair here would generate a new address and as long as the address hadn’t been used yet, it would use the same one as the closing destination for multiple channels. So, either way, when you make a bilateral close, like close a channel in cooperation with your channel partner, then you can send the money wherever you want anyway, because it’s just a matter of negotiating with the channel partner.

It seems to me that they are making use of that here to just say, “Let’s see if we might want to give a new address instead of the one that we had negotiated potentially months ago”, but I don’t know for sure what exactly the cause was that the address wouldn’t have been fresh.

Mike Schmidt: Yeah, that was the only thing I could think of as well, is if the fund where you would get the channel closing would potentially be reused. That was the only thing I could think of. Obviously, a lot of things could happen in the months that a channel could be live, so there could be various reasons that you’d want the funds to go somewhere else. So, I guess it makes sense to provide this, regardless.

Mark Erhardt: I mean, one downside of keeping a lot of addresses set aside for closing channels would be that you would have a very big gap of addresses that didn’t get used. So, maybe that’s the concern here.

Mike Schmidt: Yeah, I guess if you open up hundreds of channels, then I guess depending on the gap limit in the software, that could potentially be an issue. But I guess we’re just theorising at this point.

LND #7252

Next PR here is from LND #7252, adding support for SQLite as LND’s database backend, and that’s only supported on new LND installations, and there is no code for migrating from an existing database. I think that by default, does it use Postgres in LND, do you know?

Mark Erhardt: I dimly remember that they had other work to migrate to, yeah, Postgres; I’m not 100% sure whether that is now the backend by default. LND used to have a self-written what was just a value data storage key value pairs or something. It got a lot faster when it went to Postgres, was my understanding.

Mike Schmidt: Yes, I think I forget the name of the key-value store; e-something? But yeah, they had a key-value store in Postgres as potential data sources as well. So now, you have SQLite.

LND #6527

Last PR for this week is LND #6527, adding the ability to encrypt the server’s on-disk TLS key. So, it sounds like LND uses this TLS key for authenticating remote connections if you’re controlling your node remotely, and that right now that TLS key was not encrypted and was sitting in a plain text file, which is someone got access to that, they could spy on your communication with your server; whereas now, this TLS key is encrypted and needs to be unlocked before using it.

Mark Erhardt: That sounds like we got through all of it. I’m glad that we had so many guests today and they brought all their expertise to explain their PRs to us, and their newsletter and mailing list posts! So, yeah, I think we got it all in.

Mike Schmidt: Excellent. Well, thanks to my co-host, Murch, thank you for Martin, special guest joining us, and thank you for Carla as well for joining us and we’ll see you back here next week where we recap Newsletter #238. Thank you all for your time.

Mark Erhardt: Bye.

Mike Schmidt: Cheers.