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Bitcoin Optech Newsletter #123
This week’s newsletter shares the announcement of a marketplace for incoming LN channels. Also included are our regular sections with summaries of a Bitcoin Core PR Review Club meeting and notable changes to popular Bitcoin infrastructure software.
Action items
None this week.
News
- ● Incoming channel marketplace: Olaoluwa Osuntokun announced a new Lightning Pool marketplace for buying incoming LN channels. Users and merchants need channels with incoming capacity in order to allow quickly receiving funds over LN. Some existing node operators already provide incoming channels, either for free or as a paid service, but Lightning Pool hopes to make this service more standardized and competitive. The initial focus is a contract for highly ranked nodes to provide an incoming channel for a period of 2,016 blocks (about two weeks). Additional contract lengths and other features are planned for the future.
Bitcoin Core PR Review Club
In this monthly section, we summarize a recent Bitcoin Core PR Review Club meeting, highlighting some of the important questions and answers. Click on a question below to see a summary of the answer from the meeting.
Add MuHash3072 implementation is a PR (#19055) by Fabian Jahr (incorporating code originally written by Pieter Wuille) that implements the MuHash algorithm in C++. MuHash is a rolling hash algorithm that can be used to calculate the hash digest of a set of objects and efficiently update that digest when items are added to or removed from the set. The algorithm could be used to calculate a digest of the complete UTXO set, which would be useful for database consistency checks or for a fast sync method such as assumeutxo.
The high-level concepts for MuHash had been discussed in a previous review club meeting, so this meeting focused specifically on the specification and implementation of the algorithm.
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How much state is stored inside the MuHash3072 rolling hash object? How much data is returned to a user requesting the set hash?
The MuHash3072 object stores 3072 bits (384 bytes) of internal state. This state is hashed using a 256-bit hash function to return 256 bits (32 bytes) to the end user. An optimization is to store both a numerator (for the added items) and a denominator (for the removed items), which would require 6144 bits (768 bytes) of internal state, but would reduce the number of costly modulo operations required. ➚
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How can we test for membership in the MuHash set?
MuHash is not an accumulator, so there is no efficient way to test for set membership. The only way would be to recalculate the MuHash digest from the entire set of objects and then compare the digests. ➚
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What does the
#ifdef HAVE___INT128
code in the MuHash implementation do?#ifdef HAVE___INT128
is a C++ preprocessor directive. It ensures that code contained within the#ifdef
and#endif
directives is only compiled on platforms that support 128-bit integers. Since the MuHash code is operating on numbers that are many times larger than built-in integer types can handle, those numbers are broken down into multiple ‘limbs’, which are combined to make the full number. Larger limbs means fewer operations and therefore better performance. Support for 128-bit integers allows us to use 64-bit limbs and safely multiply the numbers in those limbs together (the product of two 64-bit numbers is a 128-bit number). If we can’t use 64-bit limbs, then 32-bit limbs are used instead. ➚ -
What is 1437 mod 99?
1437 mod 99 = 51. This question was given as an example of an efficient way to calculate the remainder of a number when divided by a modulus that is slightly smaller than a power of the number base. In this example, 99 is slightly smaller than 10^2, so to calculate the remainder we can add the bottom half — 37 in this case — to the top half times the difference of the modulus from the base number power — 14 * (10^2 - 99) in this case. The same technique is used in the MuHash implementation and explains why the modulus was chosen as a number slightly smaller than 2^3072. ➚
Notable code and documentation changes
Notable changes this week in Bitcoin Core, C-Lightning, Eclair, LND, Rust-Lightning, libsecp256k1, Hardware Wallet Interface (HWI), Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs), and Lightning BOLTs.
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● BOLTs #807 amends BOLT2 to specify that a node should treat the receipt of non-standard high-S signatures the same as invalid signatures and immediately fail the channel or connection. This mitigates against CVE-2020-26895 covered previously in Newsletter #121.
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● Eclair #1545 adds a blockchain watchdog to detect eclipse attacks. Eclair fetches block headers from multiple third-party sources to countercheck the best chain provided by its peers. As described in Newsletter #101, an attacker could use an eclipse attack to hide a malicious channel closing attempt until the dispute period expires.
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● LND #4735 adds a
max_local_csv
configuration parameter that will reject channels from peers who require the local node to wait for more than the indicated number of blocks before spending its funds if it unilaterally closes the channel. The default maximum is 10,000 blocks, and there’s also a minimum of 144 blocks to ensure users don’t set the value lower than is reasonable. -
● LND #4701 adds the
assumechanvalid
(assume channels are valid) configuration option to default builds. For nodes using the Neutrino client to retrieve compact block filters, this allows the node to assume the channels it learns about via LN gossip are available rather than by expending additional bandwidth checking for related transactions in recent blocks. If the assumption is wrong and the channels are actually not available (e.g. they’ve been closed recently), any payments LND attempts to route through those channels will fail. This may cause delays or unnecessary payment failures but not the loss of funds.